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California Community College Student Outcomes Abroad Research Project

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Examining the Quantitative Data - Marginal Means

Marginal means were created from inputting average values for each input variable other than the study abroad participation indicator and examining the difference in outputs for study abroad and non-study abroad students. Based on this methodology, students who studied abroad had noted success in all areas when compared to students who did not study abroad:

  • One-year retention (6.5% higher)
  • Two-year retention (8.6% higher)
  • Transfer English completion (1.2% higher)
  • Transfer math completion (1.2% higher)
  • Degree and certificate completion (.9% higher)
  • Enrollment in a university (3.8% higher)
  • Completed 12.5 more mean transferable units
  • Had a GPA that was 0.17 higher
Outcome within 3 Years Study
Abroad
Non-Study
Abroad
Difference
1 Year Retention 62.4%55.9%6.5%
2 Year Retention 45.0%36.5%8.6%
Completed Transfer English 16.6%15.4%1.2%
Completed Transfer Math 7.6%6.4%1.2%
Transferable Units Completed 37.625.112.5
Transferable GPA 2.422.250.17
Earned Degree or Certificate 3.6%2.7%0.9%
Enrolled at University 11.8%8.0%3.8%

Separate marginal means comparison were carried out for Hispanic students. When compared to those who did not study abroad, Hispanic study abroad students had higher outcomes on:

  • One-year retention (7.4% higher)
  • Two-year retention (10.3% higher)
  • Transfer English completion (2.6% higher)
  • Transfer math completion (3.1% higher)
  • Degree and certificate completion (2.0% higher)
  • Enrollment in a university (5.4% higher)
  • Completed 12.5 more mean transferable units
  • Has a GPA that was 0.17 higher
Outcome within 3 Years
for Hispanic Students
Study
Abroad
Non-Study
Abroad
Difference
1 Year Retention 70.9%63.5%7.4%
2 Year Retention 54.4%44.0%10.3%
Completed Transfer English 34.7%32.2%2.6%
Completed Transfer Math 19.9%16.9%3.1%
Transferable Units Completed 37.625.112.5
Transferable GPA 2.412.230.17
Earned Degree or Certificate 7.8%5.8%2.0%
Enrolled at University 16.8%11.4%5.4%